![]() This risk is 1% per year or a lifetime risk of 10%. Patients with a history of previous breast cancer are at increased risk for developing breast cancer in the other breast. 7.07.2.7 History of Previous Breast Cancer However, these studies indicate that, depending on the patient, the positive benefits of taking estrogen as far as reducing the risk for osteoporosis and colon cancer may outweigh the increase in risk that may be associated with estrogen replacement therapy. Most studies indicate that taking estrogen for more than 10 years may lead to a slight increase in risk for developing breast cancer. More than two alcoholic beverages increases the risk for breast cancer. Pregnancies before the age of 26 are somewhat protective. If the family member was premenopausal and had bilateral breast cancer, the lifetime risk is 50%. If the family member was premenopausal, the lifetime risk is 18.6%. If a family member was postmenopausal (50 or older) when she was diagnosed with breast cancer, the lifetime risk is only increased by 5%. Family history includes immediate relatives – mother, sisters, and daughters. However, 85% of women with breast cancer have a negative family history. Patients with a positive family history of breast cancer are at increased risk for developing the disease. Monounsaturated fats such as canola oil and olive oil do not appear to increase the risk of developing breast cancer in the same way as polyunsaturated fats, corn oil, and meat. Onset of the menstrual cycle before the age of 12 and menopause after 50 are associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. Risk factors for breast cancer include the following: 7.07.2.1 Early Onset of Menses and Late Menopause Wallace, in Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II, 2007 7.07.2 Disease Basis 1 Another disadvantage is that the viscosity increases at lower ambient temperatures, hence requiring additives for lowering the fuel's gel point. Problems with biodiesel are that it is not readily available in large quantities and the amount of NO x increases by 15%, which contributes to the generation of smog. Soybean oil is currently the leading source of vegetable oil for biodiesel manufacture in the United States. Premium biodiesel is a fuel manufactured from vegetable oils by a transesterification process. A 20% biodiesel will provide a higher octane rating, superior lubricity, significant emission reductions, and less toxic emissions will virtually eliminate visible soot emissions and will have similar fuel consumption, horsepower, and torque. Various biodiesel blends, which include different ratios of biodiesel and diesel from crude oil, can be used in vehicles depending upon the vehicle's requirement and weather conditions. Biodiesel fuel yields 220% more energy than that required to produce, transport, and distribute it, which is due to the fact that the feedstock crop collects solar energy and transforms it into the biodiesel feedstock oil. Even 2% biodiesel in normal diesel will help achieve this improvement. Studies have shown it reduces engine wear by as much as 30%, primarily because it provides excellent lubrication ( Agarwal, Bijwe, and Das, 2003). It is cheaper than oil, sustainable, and nontoxic it does not produce acid rain (absence of sulfur) and it does not contribute as much as fossil fuels do to global warming. Biodiesel and biodiesel blends can be used in all compression-ignition (CI) engines that were designed to be operated on diesel fuel. Mukesh Doble, Anil Kumar Kruthiventi, in Green Chemistry and Engineering, 2007 Biodieselīiodiesel is a vegetable oil-based (soy or canola oil) fuel that runs in the present diesel engines, without any modifications to the hardware. ![]()
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